What is the tolerance range of precision screws?
What is the tolerance range of precision screws?
High-strength fasteners must be quenched and tempered according to technical requirements. The purpose of heat treatment and tempering is to improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of fasteners to meet the specified tensile strength value and yield ratio of the product. The heat treatment process has a crucial impact on high-strength fasteners, especially its intrinsic quality. Therefore, in order to produce high-quality high-strength fasteners, advanced heat treatment technology and equipment must be available. Due to the large production volume and low price of high-strength bolts, and the threaded part is a relatively fine and relatively precise structure, the heat treatment equipment is required to have large production capacity, high degree of automation, and good heat treatment quality. Since the 1990s, the continuous heat treatment production line with protective atmosphere has dominated, and the shock bottom type and mesh belt furnace are especially suitable for heat treatment and tempering of small and medium-sized fasteners. In addition to the good sealing performance of the furnace, the quenching and tempering line also has advanced computer control of atmosphere, temperature and process parameters, equipment failure alarm and display functions. High-strength fasteners are automatically controlled and operated from feeding-cleaning-heating-quenching-cleaning-tempering-coloring to offline, which effectively ensures the quality of heat treatment. The decarburization of the thread will cause the fastener to trip before the resistance required by the mechanical properties is reached, which will cause the failure of the threaded fastener and shorten the service life. Due to the decarburization of the raw material, if the annealing is improper, the decarburized layer of the raw material will be deepened. In the process of quenching and tempering heat treatment, some oxidizing gas is generally brought in from outside the furnace. The rust of the bar wire or the residue on the surface of the wire rod after cold drawing will also decompose after being heated in the furnace, and some oxidizing gases will be generated by the reaction. For example, the surface rust of steel wire, which is composed of iron carbonate and hydroxide, will be decomposed into CO₂ and H₂O after heating, thus aggravating decarburization. Studies have shown that the degree of decarburization of medium carbon alloy steel is more serious than that of carbon steel, and the fastest decarburization temperature is between 700 and 800 degrees Celsius. Because the attachments on the surface of the steel wire decompose and synthesize carbon dioxide and water very quickly under certain conditions, if the furnace gas of the continuous mesh belt furnace is not properly controlled, it will also cause excessive decarburization of the screw. When the high-strength bolt is formed by cold heading, the raw material and the annealed decarburized layer not only still exist, but also are extruded to the top of the thread. For the surface of the fastener that needs to be quenched, the required hardness cannot be obtained. Its mechanical properties (especially strength and wear resistance) decreased. In addition, the surface of the steel wire is decarburized, and the surface layer and the internal structure have different expansion coefficients, and surface cracks may occur during quenching. For this reason, during quenching and heating, the top of the thread should be protected from decarburization, and the fasteners whose raw materials have been decarburized should be properly carbonized, and the advantages of the protective atmosphere in the mesh belt furnace should be adjusted to the original carbon-coated parts. The carbon content is basically the same, so that the decarburized fasteners are slowly restored to the original carbon content. The carbon potential is preferably set at 0.42% - 0.48%. The carbon coating temperature is the same as the quenching heating, and cannot be carried out at high temperatures , so as to avoid coarse grains and affect mechanical properties. The quality problems that may occur in the process of quenching and tempering of fasteners mainly include: insufficient hardness in the quenched state; uneven hardness in the quenched state; excessive quenching deformation; quenching cracking. Such problems in the field are often related to raw materials, quenching heating and quenching cooling. Correctly formulating the heat treatment process and standardizing the production operation process can often avoid such quality accidents.
Usually, the forming of the bolt head adopts cold heading plastic processing. Compared with the cutting process, the metal fiber (metal wire) is continuous along the shape of the product, and there is no cut in the middle, thus improving the strength of the product, especially the mechanical properties. The cold heading forming process includes cutting and forming, single-station single-click, double-click cold heading and multi-station automatic cold heading. An automatic cold heading machine performs multi-station processes such as stamping, heading forging, extrusion and diameter reduction in several forming dies. The processing characteristics of the original blank used by the single-station or multi-station automatic cold heading machine are determined by the size of the bar with a length of 5-6 meters or the wire rod with a weight of 1900-2000KG, that is, the characteristics of the processing technology. The point is that cold heading does not use pre-cut single blanks, but uses the automatic cold heading machine itself to cut and upset (if necessary) blanks from bars and wire rods. Before extruding the cavity, the blank must be shaped. A blank that meets the technological requirements can be obtained by shaping. Before upsetting, reducing and positive extrusion, the blank does not need to be shaped. After the blank is cut, it is sent to the upsetting and shaping station. This station can improve the quality of the blank, reduce the forming force of the next station by 15-17%, and prolong the life of the die, and the bolts can be made with multiple diameter reductions. The precision that can be achieved by cold heading is also related to the selection of the forming method and the procedure used. In addition, it also depends on the structural characteristics of the equipment used, the process characteristics and its state, the precision of the tool and die, the life and the degree of wear. For high-alloy steel used in cold heading forming and extrusion, the roughness of the working surface of the cemented carbide mold should not be greater than Ra=0.2um. When the roughness of the working surface of this type of mold reaches Ra=0.025-0.050um, it has the highest life.
China is the world's largest producer of carbon steel fasteners such as screws, nuts and bolts, and the EU is a major market for these products. In January 2009, the EU decided to impose anti-dumping duties of 26.5% to 85% on Chinese carbon steel fastener products. On July 31 of the same year, China resorted to the relevant EU legislation and anti-dumping measures to the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. The case became China's first lawsuit against the EU at the WTO. On July 15, 2011, the WTO Appellate Body issued a report and finally ruled that China won the case in the trade dispute with the European Union on fasteners. The head of the Department of Treaty and Law of the Ministry of Commerce of China welcomed the ruling on the 16th, and said that China's victory in the case is of great significance, which will help improve the competitive environment for Chinese companies in the international market including the European Union, and will also strengthen the WTO members' interest in the case. Confidence in WTO rules and the multilateral trading system. This is not only a victory for China's industry, but also a victory for WTO rules, the official said. The WTO Appellate Body found in its ruling report issued on the 15th that Article 9(5) of the EU's Basic Anti-dumping Regulations on individual tax rates violated WTO rules; at the same time, the Appellate Body overturned some of the panel's rulings and supported China's position , ruled that the EU's anti-dumping measures against Chinese screws, nuts, bolts and other carbon steel fasteners also violated WTO rules in terms of domestic industry identification, normal value and fair comparison of export prices. The head of the Treaty and Law Department of the Ministry of Commerce of China said that the EU is one of the WTO members that has initiated the most anti-dumping investigations against Chinese products in the world. unfair treatment. He said that China hopes that the EU will cancel the legislation and discriminatory anti-dumping measures that are inconsistent with WTO rules as soon as possible, treat Chinese export enterprises fairly, and effectively safeguard free trade and fair competition.
flat washer is also called a flat washer. It is mainly stamped out of an iron plate. The shape is generally a flat washer with a hole in the middle. The size of this hole is generally determined according to customer requirements. There are 9 standards for flat washers in my country. From 2000 to 2002, GB/T97.3-2000, GB/T5286-2001, GB/T95-2002, GB/T96.1-2002, GB/T96.2 were approved and released respectively. -2002, GB/T97.1-2002, GB/T97.2-2002, GB/T97.4-2002 and GB/T5287-2002 Standard for flat washers. According to the performance grade of the flat washer, the author recommends the use of materials: ST12, ST13, Q235, Q215, Q195, etc. can be selected for the 100HV grade, and the surface hardness can reach about 110HV; 08F, 08Al, 10, 10F, etc. can be selected for the 140HV grade etc., the surface hardness can reach about 140HV; for 200HV and 300HV grades, 45, 50, 60, 70 or 65Mn steel should be selected, which can be quenched and tempered by heat treatment to meet the technical requirements of 200~300HV and 300~400HV. Because according to the standard, flat washers of 100HV and 140HV grades can be manufactured from mild steel. Most enterprises use Baosteel materials when selecting materials, which is convenient for cold stamping. The following is a brief description of Baosteel's standards. Compared with the BZJ407-1999 standard, there are major changes in Continuous Cold Rolled Low-Carbon Steel Plates and Strips and the enterprise standard: (1) The grades have been revised and integrated, and the grades have been changed from 8 commonly used to 5. St12 is changed to DC01; ST13 is changed to DC03; St14, St15 is changed to DC04; BSC2 is changed to DC05; St16, St14-T, BSC3 is changed to DC06. (2) The surface quality level is changed from two to three: the higher-level finishing surface (FB), the surface is allowed to have a small amount of defects that do not affect the formability and coating and plating adhesion, such as slight scratches, indentations, Pock, roll printing and oxidation color, etc. Premium Finished Surface (FC) products have no visible defects on the better of the two sides and must meet at least FB requirements on the other side. The super-advanced finishing (FD) product must not have any defects on the better side of the two sides, that is, it cannot affect the appearance quality after painting or the appearance quality after electroplating, and the other side must at least meet the requirements of FB. (3) The surface structure is modified from four to two, and the control value of surface roughness is increased. The average roughness Ra when the surface structure is pitted (D) is 0.6 μm. (4) The provisions on Si and residual elements in the chemical composition of the five grades have been cancelled, and the contents of elements such as C, S, and Alt have been revised.
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